Cross-cultural validation into Portuguese of a questionnaire to assess computer vision syndrome in workers exposed to digital devices / Validação intercultural em português de um questionário para avaliar a síndrome visual do computador em trabalhadores expostos a dispositivos digitais

ABSTRACT Purpose: As digital devices are increasingly used at work, valid and reliable tools are needed to assess their effect on visual health. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q©) into Portuguese. Methods: A 5-phase process was followed: direct translation, synthesis of translation, back-translation, consolidation by an expert committee, and pretest. To run the pretest, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted with 26 participants who completed the prefinal Portuguese version of the CVS-Q© and were asked about difficulties, comprehensibility, and suggestions to improve the questionnaire. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the CVS-Q©, a cross-sectional validation study was performed in a different sample (280 workers). Results: In the pretest, 96.2% had no difficulty in completing it, and 84.0% valued it as clear and understandable. CVS-Q© in Portuguese (Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador, CVS-Q PT©) was then obtained. Validation revealed the scale's good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.793), good temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.847; 95% CI 0.764-0.902, kappa=0.839), adequate sensitivity and specificity (78.5% and 70.7%, respectively), good discriminant capacity (area under the curve=0.832; 95% CI 0.784-0.879), and adequate convergent validity with the ocular surface disease index (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.728, p<0.001). The factor analysis provided a single factor accounting for 37.7% of the explained common variance. A worker who scored ≥7 points would have computer vision syndrome. Conclusions: CVS-Q PT© can be considered an intuitive and easy-to-understand tool with good psychometric properties to measure computer vision syndrome in Portuguese workers exposed to digital devices. This questionnaire will assist in making decisions on preventive measures, interventions, and treatment and comparing exposed populations in different Portuguese-speaking countries.

RESUMO Objetivos: À medida que a utilização de equipamentos digitais no emprego aumenta, a avaliação do seu efeito na saúde visual necessita de ferramentas válidas e robustas. Este estudo teve como objetivo traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar para português o Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador (CVS-Q©). Métodos: O procedimento foi realizado em 5 fases: tradução direta, síntese da tradução, tradução inversa, consolidação por um painel de especialistas, e pré-teste. Para fazer o pré-teste foi realizado um estudo piloto transversal aplicado a uma amostra de 26 participantes que completaram a versão pré-final da versão portuguesa do CVS-Q©, questionando por dificuldades, compreensão e sugestões de melhoria do questionário. Para avaliar a confiança e validade da versão portuguesa do CVS-Q© foi realizado um estudo transversal de validação em uma amostra diferente (280 funcionários). Resultados: No préteste, 96.2% dos participantes não apresentaram dificuldades no preenchimento do questionário, enquanto 84.0% indicaram que era claro e compreensível. Obteve-se, então, o CVS-Q© em português (Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador, CVS-Q PT©). A sua validação revelou uma boa consistência interna da sua escala (Cronbach's alpha=0.793), boa estabilidade tem poral (coeficiente de correlação interclasse=0.847; 95% CI 0.764-0.902, kappa=0.839), sensibilidades e especificidades adequadas (78.5% e 70.7%, respetivamente), boa capacidade de discriminação (área abaixo da curva=0.832; 95% CI 0.784-0.879), e uma adequada validade da convergência com o índice de doença da superfície ocular (ocular surface disease index - OSDI; coeficiente de correlação de Spearman=0.728, p<0.001). A análise fatorial revelou um único fator responsável por explicar a variância comum em 37.7%. Um funcionário com uma pontuação ≥7 pontos sofria de síndrome visual do computador. Conclusão: O CVS-Q PT© pode ser considerada uma ferramenta intuitiva, de fácil interpretação e com boas pro priedades psicométricas para avaliar a síndrome visual do computador em funcionários portugueses expostos a ecrãs digitais. Este questionário facilitará as decisões sobre medidas preventivas, intervenções e tratamento, e a comparação entre as populações expostas em diferentes países de língua portuguesa.

Síndrome visual informático en escolares peruanos durante la pandemia COVID-19

El SVI como problema de salud, también puede tener un impacto económico significativo y sus consecuencias perjudiciales pueden continuar incluso cuando la pandemia haya terminado. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y causas relacionadas del síndrome visual informático (SVI) entre los estudiantes de 12 a 17 años, durante la COVID-19. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó una investigación de tipo transversal, observacional, analítica y cuantitativa, la población estuvo constituida por 345 estudiantes de educación secundaria, se aplicó una encuesta a través de GoogleForms usando como instrumento, el cuestionario de Computer Vision Sympton Scale (CVSS17). Resultados. Se evidenció que los participantes padecen del síndrome visual informático (SVI) entre un nivel leve a muy severo (67%), la mayoría de los participantes presentan mayor uso de dispositivos digitales por día de 4-6 horas. Sintomatología de fotofobia a pantalla 73,3%, dolor de ojos 69,9% y ardor de ojos 66,4%. No evidencia enfermedades visuales 77.7%; algunos casos eventuales de miopía, astigmatismo, hipermetropía y anisometropía, por lo cual, se concluye que los participantes padecen del síndrome visual informático entre un nivel leve a muy severo (67%). Conclusiones. Se sugiere solicitar un diagnóstico completo que permita tener una información real del daño ocasionado por el SVI.

As a health problem, SVI can also have a significant economic impact and its detrimental consequences may continue even when the pandemic is over. Objective. To determine the prevalence and related causes of computer vision syndrome (CVI) among students aged 12 to 17 years during COVID-19. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional, observational, analytical and quantitative research was conducted, the population consisted of 345 high school students, a survey was applied through GoogleForms using as instrument, the Computer Vision Sympton Scale (CVSS17) questionnaire. Results. It was evidenced that the participants suffer from computer vision syndrome (CVSS) between a mild to very severe level (67%), most of the participants present greater use of digital devices per day of 4-6 hours. Symptomatology of photophobia to screen 73.3%, eye pain 69.9% and burning eyes 66.4%. No evidence of visual diseases 77.7%; some eventual cases of myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia and anisometropia, therefore, it is concluded that participants suffer from computer visual syndrome between a mild to very severe level (67%). Conclusions. It is suggested to request a complete diagnosis that allows us to have real information about the damage caused by CVI.

Como um problema de saúde, a SVI também pode ter um impacto econômico significativo e suas consequências prejudiciais podem continuar mesmo após o fim da pandemia. Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e as causas relacionadas à síndrome da visão computacional (SVI) entre estudantes de 12 a 17 anos durante a COVID-19. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa transversal, observacional, analítica e quantitativa, a população consistiu em 345 alunos do ensino médio, uma pesquisa foi aplicada por meio do GoogleForms usando o questionário Computer Vision Sympton Scale (CVSS17) como instrumento. Resultados. Verificou-se que os participantes sofrem de síndrome da visão computacional (CVSS) entre um nível leve a muito grave (67%), a maioria dos participantes tem um uso maior de dispositivos digitais por dia de 4-6 horas. Sintomatologia de fotofobia de tela 73,3%, dor ocular 69,9% e ardência ocular 66,4%. Nenhuma evidência de doenças visuais 77,7%; alguns casos eventuais de miopia, astigmatismo, hipermetropia e anisometropia, portanto, conclui-se que os participantes sofrem de síndrome visual do computador entre um nível leve e muito grave (67%). Conclusões. Sugere-se que seja solicitado um diagnóstico completo para obter informações reais sobre os danos causados pela IVC.

Síndrome visual informático en universitarios en tiempos de pandemia / Computer visual syndrome in university students in times of pandemic

Introducción Una de las consecuencias del uso prolongado de pantallas luminosas como las del ordenador o las del teléfono móvil es el síndrome visual informático (SVI), donde se presentan síntomas característicos que normalmente desaparecen después de un par de horas de haber dejado de usar los aparatos electrónicos. La prevalencia es alta debido a múltiples factores de riesgo. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de SVI en estudiantes de Medicina en tiempos de pandemia. Metodología Estudio observacional descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población a estudio fueron estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Boyacá y los datos fueron recogidos en septiembre y octubre del año 2021 a través de una encuesta electrónica. Resultados Un total de 300 personas participaron en el estudio. El 78% (234) de los estudiantes participantes presentan SVI. El 67,09% (157) de los participantes que refirieron presentar SVI pertenecían al sexo femenino y el 32,91% (77) eran del sexo masculino. Conclusiones El SVI es muy común entre los estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Boyacá. Este estudio ha demostrado que la presencia del SVI se ha asociado significativamente a factores exposicionales que se desencadenaron durante el período de pandemia, en donde las clases virtuales frecuentes y durante horarios prolongados conllevaban a una alta exposición a pantallas. Además, en la era de virtualidad la comunicación mediante redes sociales aumentó el uso de teléfonos móviles, lo cual aumenta la posibilidad de aparición de este síndrome. (AU)

Introduction One of the consequences of prolonged use of bright screens such as those of the computer or cell phone is the computer visual syndrome (CVS), where characteristic symptoms are presented that normally disappear after a couple of hours when you stop using electronic devices. The prevalence is high due to multiple risk factors. Objective To determine the prevalence of CVS in medical students at the University of Boyacá in times of pandemic. Methodology Descriptive and cross-sectional observational study. The study population were medical students, the data were collected in September and October of the year 2021, and an electronic survey was carried out for data collection. Results A total of 300 participants were invited to participate in the study. A percentage of 78 (234) of participating students suffer from CVS. A percentage of 67.09 (157) of the participants who reported suffering from CVS were female and 32.91% (77) were male. ConclusionsCVS is very common among medical students at the University of Boyacá. This study has shown that the presence of CVS has been significantly associated with exposure factors that were triggered during the pandemic period, where frequent virtual classes and long hours led to high exposure to screens. In addition, in the era of virtuality, communication through social networks increased the use of cell phones, which increases the possibility of the appearance of this syndrome. (AU)

Computer visual syndrome in university students in times of pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: One of the consequences of prolonged use of bright screens such as those of the computer or cell phone, is the computer visual syndrome where characteristic symptoms are presented that normally disappear after a couple of hours when you stop using electronic devices. The prevalence is high due to multiple risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome in medical students at the University of Boyacá in times of pandemic. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and cross-sectional observational study. The study population were medical students, the data were collected in September and October of the year, an electronic survey was carried out for data collection. RESULTS: A total of 300 participants were invited to participate in the study. 78% (234) of participating students suffer from SVI. 67.09% (157) of the participants who reported suffering from SVI were female and 32.91% (77) were male. CONCLUSIONS: Computer visual syndrome is very common among medical students at the University of Boyacá. This study has shown that the presence of SVI has been significantly associated with exposure factors that were triggered during the pandemic period, where frequent virtual classes and long hours led to high exposure to screens. In addition, in the era of virtuality, communication through social networks increased the use of cell phones, which increases the possibility of the appearance of this syndrome.

Lucha epidemiológica contra pandemia COVID-19: Impacto de las medidas sociales en el SVI / Epidemiological fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of social measures on IVS

La lucha epidemiológica contra la pandemia COVID-19 ha incluido medidas sociales como el confinamiento y el cierre de actividades laborales y académicas. A consecuencia, tareas que se llevaban a cabo en el contexto presencial debieron ser ejecutadas desde los hogares, adoptando estrategias como el teletrabajo y la educación virtual, haciendo necesario el uso de herramientas como ordenadores y laptops. De allí que las personas han incrementado la exposición a las pantallas de dispositivos electrónicos, como son computadoras y laptops, trayendo como consecuencia afectaciones en la salud visual de las personas tales como el síndrome visual informático (SVI). Se realizó un estudio transversal con el objetivo de determinar la afectación por SVI en la población peruana y su relación con la exposición prolongada a DEV, generada a raíz de las medidas sociales de enfrentamiento a la pandemia de COVID-19. El tiempo promedio en que los sujetos de nuestro estudio usaron DEV dentro de los hogares se acrecentó un 120%, es decir 4,26±2,36 horas diarias adicionales al comparar con el año anterior a la pandemia COVID-19. La adopción masiva de actividades como el teletrabajo y la educación virtual podrían explicar el hecho que los grupos de empleados/patronos y estudiantes fueron los mayores usuarios de DEV, con 10,41 y 9,32 horas diarias. De acuerdo a los hallazgos obtenidos, es estadísticamente válido afirmar que las medidas sociales para enfrentar la pandemia COVID-19 indujeron al aumento en la prevalencia de SVI en los pobladores peruanos (p<0,001). En la actual investigación, la proporción de individuos que manifestaron SVI pasó de 38 a 64%, antes y durante la aplicación de las medidas, respectivamente(AU)

The epidemiological fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has included social measures such as confinement and the closure of work and academic activities. As a consequence, tasks that were carried out in the face-to-face context had to be carried out from homes, adopting strategies such as teleworking and virtual education, requiring the use of tools such as computers and laptops. Hence, people have increased exposure to the screens of electronic devices, such as computers and laptops, resulting in effects on people's visual health such as computer vision syndrome (SVI). A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to determine the affectation by SVI in the Peruvian population and its relationship with prolonged exposure to DEV, generated as a result of social measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The average time in which the subjects in our study used DEV within homes increased by 120%, that is, 4.26 ± 2.36 additional daily hours when compared to the year before the COVID-19 pandemic. The massive adoption of activities such as teleworking and virtual education could explain the fact that groups of employees / employers and students were the largest users of DEV, with 10.41 and 9.32 hours per day. According to the findings obtained, it is statistically valid to affirm that the social measures to face the COVID-19 pandemic induced an increase in the prevalence of SVI in the Peruvian population (p <0.001). In the current investigation, the proportion of individuals who manifested SVI went from 38 to 64%, before and during the application of the measures, respectively(AU)

Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome (CVS). Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies. The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Seguí et al. validated in Spanish, which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62.3% (95% CI: 52.3-71.5). It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old (88.2%) and in the group 21-30 years old (70.0%), showing statistically significant differences (p = 0.004). According to the device and its time of use, students who used the mobile phone for 7-10 h a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time (p = 0.030). The business School had the highest prevalence (75.0%). CONCLUSION: Three out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations. There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity.

COVID-19 inductor del síndrome visual informático y sus afectaciones a las personas / COVID-19 inducer of computer visual syndrome and its effects on people

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la literatura existente sobre el SVI y sus afectaciones a las personas producto por alta exposición a equipos electrónicos generados por la pandemia del COVID-19 El tipo de investigación es revisión de literatura, de diseño bibliográfico o documental; el método de investigación empleado fue el de revisión de literatura. La población estuvo constituida por 35 artículos y la muestra de 19 artículos en diversos idiomas, seleccionados de manera intencional de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente establecidos; las técnicas e instrumentos empleados para el recojo de información fueron el análisis documental, y el fichaje y la computadora respectivamente. Entre los principales resultados se tiene que el SVI tiene gran prevalencia en personas que tienen gran periodo de exposición a pantallas de dispositivos electrónicos, asimismo, vinculados a fallas en las condiciones ergonómicas en sus estaciones de trabajo o estudio. Se concluye, el promedio de prevalencia del SVI en los artículos revisados es de 73.2%, siendo el máximo 98.7% y el mínimo 50%, siendo más frecuente en mujeres; respecto a los síntomas más frecuente que se presentan se tienen: dolor en ojos, cansancio visual o visión borrosa, picazón, sequedad en los ojos, sensación de empeoramiento de la vista, lagrimeo y párpados pesados(AU)

The objective of this article is to analyze the existing literature on IVS and its effects on people as a result of high exposure to electronic equipment generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The type of research is literature review, bibliographic or documentary design; the research method used was the literature review. The population consisted of 35 articles and the sample of 19 articles in various languages, intentionally selected according to previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria; the techniques and instruments used for the collection of information were the documentary analysis, and the signing and the computer respectively. Among the main results is that SVI has a high prevalence in people who have a long period of exposure to electronic device screens, also linked to failures in ergonomic conditions in their workstations or study. It is concluded that the average prevalence of SVI in the reviewed articles is 73.2%, the maximum being 98.7% and the minimum 50%, being more frequent in women; Regarding the most frequent symptoms that appear, there are: pain in the eyes, visual fatigue or blurred vision, itching, dry eyes, sensation of worsening of sight, tearing and heavy eyelids(AU)

Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú. / Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome (CVS). Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies. The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Seguí et al. validated in Spanish, which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62.3% (95% CI: 52.3-71.5). It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old (88.2%) and in the group 21-30 years old (70.0%), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.004). According to the device and its time of use, students who used the mobile phone for 7 to 10hours a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time (p=0.030). The business School had the highest prevalence (75.0%). CONCLUSION: Three out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations. There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity.

Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú / Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú

Antecedente En las últimas décadas diversos estudios han encontrado una fuerte asociación entre el uso prolongado de los videoterminales y síntomas oftalmológicos englobados en el denominado síndrome visual informático (SVI). Pocos estudios han abordado este síndrome en estudiantes de posgrado. Métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se encuestó a 106 estudiantes universitarios de posgrado sin patologías oftalmológicas. El diagnóstico de SVI se realizó mediante el cuestionario de Seguí et al. validado en castellano, el cual evalúa la frecuencia e intensidad de 16 síntomas oculares. Resultados La prevalencia de SVI de los estudiantes universitarios de posgrado fue del 62,3% (IC 95%: 52,3-71,5). Se encontró que la mayor proporción de estudiantes con el síndrome estuvo en el grupo mayor de 40 años (88,2%) y en el grupo de 21-30 años (70,0%), mostrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,004). Según el dispositivo y su tiempo de uso se observó que los estudiantes que utilizaban el teléfono móvil de 7 a 10h diarias presentaron una prevalencia de SVI mayor en comparación con quienes utilizaban el dispositivo menos tiempo (p=0,030). La Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales presentó la prevalencia más elevada (75,0%). Conclusión Tres de cada cinco estudiantes universitarios de posgrado presentaron SVI, siendo esta prevalencia similar a lo reportado en otras poblaciones. Es necesario que se investiguen posibles intervenciones que puedan ayudar a reducir esta entidad (AU)

Background In recent decades, several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome (CVS). Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students. Methods Observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies. The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Seguí et al. validated in Spanish, which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms. Results The prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62.3% (95% CI: 52.3-71.5). It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old (88.2%) and in the group 21-30 years old (70.0%), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.004). According to the device and its time of use, students who used the mobile phone for 7 to 10hours a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time (p=0.030). The business School had the highest prevalence (75.0%). Conclusion Three out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations. There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity (AU)

An investigation of low power convex lenses (adds) for eyestrain in the digital age (CLEDA).

INTRODUCTION: Digital eye strain (DES; computer vision syndrome) is a common cause of symptoms when viewing digital devices. Low-powered convex lenses (adds) have been recommended for the condition and "accommodative support" designs developed on this premise. The present research reports the extent to which dry eye is present in this population and the effect of convex lenses on symptoms and visual performance. METHODS: The CVS-Q instrument was used to select pre-presbyopic adults with the symptoms of DES. Participants received a full eye examination including an assessment of dry eye with a modified SANDE questionnaire and using DEWS I criteria. The immediate effect of low-powered convex lenses (low adds: +0.50D, +0.75D, +1.25D) was investigated using subjective preference and a double-masked comparison with plano lenses with the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). Throughout this testing, participants wore their full distance refractive correction, based on non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective refraction. RESULTS: The signs and symptoms of dry eye were frequently present. Most participants reported a subjective preference for low adds, with +0.75D the most commonly preferred lens. Low adds (+0.50D and +0.75D; but not +1.25D) were associated with significantly improved performance at the WRRT. One quarter of participants read more than 10% faster with these additional convex lenses. CONCLUSIONS: The study population was aged 20-40y and mostly worked on desktop computers. It is possible that +1.25D add may be more advantageous for people who are older or work more at closer viewing distances. Many symptomatic users of digital devices report a preference for low adds and use of these lenses is often associated with an improvement in reading performance.

Síndrome visual informático / Computer Vision Syndrome

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el síndrome visualinformático (SVI), para minimizar los trastornos ocasionados en losusuarios de ordenadores, a través de algunas consideraciones teóricasdel SVI, así como consejos útiles dirigidos a la finalidad del trabajo. Serealiza una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva para seleccionar los textosadecuados y mediante el análisis-síntesis procesar la información paraelaborar la propuesta, lo que arroja como resultado fundamental untexto sobre SVI que ayuda a los usuarios de ordenadores proteger susalud visual(AU)

In this work it is made a study of Computer Vision Syndrome (SVI), to minimize disruptions to computer users through the SVI some theoretical considerations and tips aimed at the purpose of work. There was a comprehensive literature review to select the appropriate texts and through analysis and synthesis process information about the proposal, which throw important results on SVI text that helps computer users to protect their eye health(AU)